John Stuart Mill: Greatest Happiness Principle Essay

John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarian Philosophy came to be known as the greatest happiness principle. It begs the question; what is happiness? Mill thought that the purpose is life is for the experience of pleasure and freedom from pain and that every action must be measured against this paradigm. Yet just like any other perspectives, Mill’s utilitarianism encounters criticism, one of which focuses on the meaning and realization of happiness. Mill however, conscious of the critique implied in his foundation of morality that humans are higher beings than animals or any other species, therefore have higher faculties and appetites. From this standpoint, the argument that men might choose actions that are irrelevant or offensive to other people in the light of satisfaction is rebuked. The source of pleasure and content of the swine could never be the same as that of a human. There is a given superiority of the mental pleasure over bodily ones among utilitarians, and this he maintains. Any act of men which rightly makes him a lower class of being is assumed to be avoided by the latter, as he would not allow himself to shrink into a lower kind of person or being that he is. He attributes this to a sense of pride, or the love of liberty and independence and dignity which he believes, every man possesses in one form or another. Apart from his notion of human domination over other living things, he nonetheless admits that men are capable of choosing and doing bodily pleasures that may be treated less valuable than another. This is true in instances when men have preferred alcoholism despite the knowledge of its negative repercussions in exchange for men’s bodily pleasures derived from the activity. He contests ergo that such incapacity for the nobler feelings is due to the nature of the latter, like a tender plant that is easily killed by hostile influences especially among the young people when the environment is not favorable to keeping that higher capacity in existence. This idea is perhaps a noble addition to the claims of utilitarianism: â€Å"†¦the happiness which forms the utilitarian standard of what is right in conduct is not the agent’s own happiness but that of all concerned†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This makes the values of utilitarianism compatible to other religious norms which states, â€Å"To do as you would be done by† and â€Å"To love your neighbor as yourself†. Hence, an important policy suggestion emerges in the fulfillment of utilitarian morality code; that laws and social structures must institute ways to make the interest of every individual one and the same as that of the whole; and that the association of one person to the happiness of the others must be realized through the utilization of the power which education and opinion embody. In the end, a few lessons have been learnt from Mill; the notion of the universal happiness; the possibility of harmony of interests; and then necessity of policies for the success of his scheme. The same flow of arguments run in Mill’s speech in 1868 in favor of capital punishment. To him, the punishment by death is most desirable for a person who committed heinous crimes such as murder unless there is a probability that the action was undertaken due to factors outside of the character of the individual. He also looks into the essence of conviction in the community relevant to his, â€Å"practical power depends far less on what it is than on what it seems†. He counters the amendment of capital punishment and the transition to lifetime imprisonment as he believes the former is more effective in the light of preventing the innocent from indulging in similar crimes. What seems to the public a dreadful death accrued in capital punishment is for Mill less important than the implementation of his penal justice which seeks to â€Å"deter by suffering from inflicting suffering†. John Stuart Mill’s principle in the final analysis have contributed much to our understanding of man’s greatest happiness, a justification to existing laws and the value of education. References: Ebenstein, William. â€Å"Utilitarianism. † Great Political Thinkers, 6th Edition. Singapore: Thomson Wadsworth, 2000. Mill, John Stuart. â€Å"Utilitarianism and the 1868 Speech on Capital Punishment†

Mina Harker: A Strong Character Essay

A strong character is one who possesses many qualities such as being selfless, courageous and sacrificial. Dracula written by Bram Stoker portrays the young and witty Mina Harker. She is the best example to fit the description of a strong character. Mina starts off as a young school mistress who is engaged. As the plot progresses, her normal life changes and she is faced with many challenges that she overcomes, that show that she is the strongest personality in the novel. The first attribute that portrays Mina as being the strongest character in the novel is her habit of being caring of everyone. The first time we see Mina doing so is when Lucy tells her that she has been proposed to by three different men, Dr. Seward, Quincey P. Morris, and Arthur Holmwood. Lucy loves the attention that is given to her by the three men and just like any best friend she tells Mina about it. Lucy says, â€Å"Just Fancy! THREE proposals in one day!† (P. 60) Meanwhile, Jonathan, Mina’s fiancà ©e has been out of reach for the past month. Mina is quite worried about it but she hides her pain from Lucy so she doesn’t worry about her problems. This not only shows that she is caring, it also shows that she is a great friend. Another example of Mina being caring is when she was staying with Lucy and her mother. Lucy had just started sleep walking and Mina did whatever she could to stop her. Mina did that despite knowing that she was under the curse of Dracula. She wrote, â€Å"Lucy did not wake, but she got up twice and dressed herself. Fortunately, each time I awoke in time and managed to undress her without waking her, and got her back to bed.† (P.93) Mina does a lot of little things that show that she is a genuinely caring person. Mina shows the reader that she cares about the ones around her and she is willing to do anything for them, even if it means to sacrifice her wants and needs. She shows that she really loves her husband by sacrificing for his sake. Her journey of sacrificing starts when she is called to Vienne because Jonathan has been staying there because he was ill. Within a very short time of being with Jonathan, they get married. She marries a man who is not very sane at that time because of what he has been through. Jonathan’s insanity  starts to become more obvious to her when he and Mina are walking down the road and he spots the Count and says â€Å"I believe it is the Count, but he has grown young.† (P. 184) Mina says that Jonathan was â€Å"was very pale, and his eyes seemed bulging out as, half terror and half in amazement.† (P. 183) She doesn’t get upset or regret marrying Jonathan. She doesn’t break down despite everything that’s going on aroun d her. This proves how strong she really is. The heroine of the novel continues to show how strong she really is by protecting her husband. After marrying Jonathan, Mina becomes Dracula’s next victim. Even though, it is not clearly said, she is dragged into Dracula’s deceitful plan because she is Jonathan’s wife. In chapter 21, Dracula comes into Mina’s room and threatens her by saying if she screams he’ll kill Jonathan. Dracula then makes her drink blood from his chest. Mina made another sacrifice by protecting her husband by doing something very unhygienic and immoral. She shows her strengths by protecting her husband all for the great sacrifice for love. The sacrifices that she makes show how much courageous she has. Her bravery in the plan to kill Count Dracula shows that she is willing to risk her life in order to save mankind from Dracula’s immorality. Her bravery begins to show right after Lucy has become un-dead and Van Helsing wants answers from Mina. The idea of being interrogated about somebody’s death can be quite frightening. Although, Mina shows that she is brave and answers everything Van Helsing has to ask. Van Helsing and the other men start to think of her as a â€Å"new woman† rather than a Victorian woman. Her ability to be brave like a man puts her in a position in which she is thought of as to be one of them. Van Helsing says, â€Å"Ah, that wonderful madam Mina! She has a man’s brain- a brain that a man should have where he much gifted- a woman’s heart. The good God fashioned her for a purpose believe me.† (P.253) This leads to the men trusting Mina with the strong qualities that she possesses. They know that despite the fact that she is a woman, she is brave. Mina shows her bravery and courage again when the men leave her in Dr. Seward’s home while they go to Carfax. The courage the she shows in these small scenes makes her a strong person overall. Despite all of the â€Å"new woman† qualities she possess such as bravery and  intelligence. She also possesses some other attributes of a strong person. She is a great listener and very comforting. Right after Lucy’s death, Van Helsing gets caught up in trying to explain what actually happened to Lucy to the other men. Dr. Seward, Quincey P. Morris and Arthur were in love with her. They went through quite an emotional ride after finding out what happened to her. In Chapter 17, everybody decided to meet at Dr. Seward’s house. The three men that loved Lucy hadn’t really opened up to anybody about their pain. Dr. Seward went through a lot of pain after seeing what Lucy went through. He hid it from others and himself by working day and night. On the other hand, Arthur was quite upset and shared a cry with Mina. Arthur and Mina were talking about Lucy and â€Å"he turned away and covered his face with his hands.† (P.247) Mina could hear him crying. Then Mina comforted him, something that the men had never done before. She became more of a motherly personality to him. She said, â€Å"With a sob he laid his head on my shoulder and cried like a wearing child, whilst he shook with emotion.† (P.247) Arthur understood that she had comforted him so he spoke to her freely. He said, â€Å"and none other can ever know __ how much your sweet sympathy has been to me to-day.† This shows that Mina is strong because she can provide emotional support to the people around her, something that the men can’t even do.

A&P by John Updike Essays - AP, Free Essays, Term Papers

A&P by John Updike A&P by John Updike In the story "A&P," by John Updike, the main character Sammy makes the leap from an adolescent, knowing little more about life than what he has learned working at the local grocery store, into a man prepared for the rough road that lies ahead. As the story begins, Sammy is nineteen and has no real grasp for the fact that he is about to be living on his own working to support himself. Throughout the course of the story, he changes with a definite step into, first, a young man realizing that he must get out of the hole he is in and further into a man, who has a grasp on reality looking forward to starting his own family. In the beginning, Sammy is but a youth growing up learning what he knows about life in small town grocery store. His role models include, Stokesie, the twenty-two year-old, supporting a family doing the same job Sammy does yet aspiring to one day have the managers position, and Lengel, the store manager who most certainly started out in the same place that Stokesie and he were already in. Stoksie, the great role model, continues to be as adolescent as Sammy, with his "Oh, Daddy, I feel so faint," and even Sammy sees this noting that "as far as I can tell thats the only difference (between he and I)." Sammy whittles away his days looking at pretty girls and thinking about the ways of people. He hardly realizes that this is how he will spend his entire existence if he doesnt soon get out of this job. During this day that will prove to change his life, he makes the step towards his realization. He decides that he doesnt want to spend the rest of his life working at an A&P competing for the store managers position. Sammy thinks to himself about his parents current social class and what they serve at cocktail parties. And, in turn, he thinks about what he will be serving, if he stays at the A&P, "When my parents have somebody over they get lemonade and if its a real racy affair Schlitz in tall glasses with Theyll Do It Every Time cartoons stenciled on." He must get out and the sooner the better. He is still just an adolescent who hasnt completely thought through his decision and yet his mind is made up. He quits his job using the girls merely as an excuse to get out. His final journey to manhood is a short one. He looks around for his girls and notices that they have already left, but he knew that was a futile cause to begin with. And he steps outside to see the world and its opportunities as well as its responsibilities in front of him. Although, Sammy could see "how hard the world would be hereafter," he knew that what was done had to be done. In hindsight, Sammy still knew he had done the right thing as shown by "Now here comes the sad part of the storybut I dont think its so sad myself."

Finance and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Finance and Management - Essay Example Product cost involves the determination of the cost incurred in the manufacturing of goods or provision of services. Manufacturing organizations, just as Worplestrop Partnership has to determine their products costs for two reasons. First is for decision-making and for the reason of external reporting. In manufacturing their products, Worplestrop Partnership would incur material costs, labor costs and other overhead costs that are associated with the manufacturing of the products (Hansen, Mowen & Guan, 2009). In determining the product cots for decision purposes, an organization will only use relevant costs to arrive at the cost of a product. This form of costing method is referred to as direct costing method. In this case, only the variable costs will be included since they are the ones that can influence the management decisions. Management has control on the costs and can formulate and implement decisions that can reduce the cost elements and increase the returns of the company (B aginski & Hassell, 2003). On the other hand, Worplestrop Partnership has to determine the product costs for the purposes of external reporting. Here product costs are determined to help arrive at the best price to charge for the manufactured products. All the costs that are incurred by the company including the overhead costs and other fixed costs are apportioned in order to charge them on the consumers’ of the manufacturing company’s products. This form of costing is referred to as absorption costing or total costing in which all costs direct and indirect, sunk, and future costs are used in settling at the selling price of the products. Absorption costing has the advantage of considering all the costs incurred by the business since even the fixed costs are incurred for the purposes of manufacturing (2002). Worplestrop Partnership should therefore calculate the product costs using the two approaches for the realization of the two different objectives i.e. management us e and external decisions. for the purpose of setting the product prices, Worplestrop should use absorption costing because it incorporates all the costs incurred by the business hence elaborate. Apart from the two costing methods, Worplestrop partnership could also use the activity based costing method or throughput method. In activity-based method, the organization will charge the overhead costs to the departments depending on the level of activity and the cost drivers. Here, Worplestrop would determine all the activity that increase the costs and determine the factors that increases the costs of the activities. From there, the management will allocate the overhead costs to the centers. This method will make managers control the costs and eliminate the unnecessary activities that do not add value to the business hence increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the business (Hansen, Mowen & Guan, 2009). The method has widely been used by many organizations despite the fact that it is complex. The last accounting method is the throughput method in which the product price is determined by adding only the material costs used in the manufacturing of the products. All the other costs are expensed and are not included in the calculation of the final price. This method is easy to simple to use. However, the method is not recommended by the generally accepted accounting principles and should therefore not be employed. This

Nursing Occupational Stress Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Nursing Occupational Stress - Research Paper Example In recent years, humans are experiencing increased pressure not only in their everyday life but also at their work place due to the multifarious nature of their roles in the current society. The complexity and multiplicity of people's role and the ensuing stress that they are subjected to, have evoked the interest of researchers, and a considerable body of studies have accumulated on 'stress'. In the process of trying to explain the exact meaning of the word stress, scientists have offered a variety of differing definitions. Willner (1993) finds that "giving one definition to stress is rather problematic." If people are asked to define the word stress, they will all tend to give varying definitions of the same. This is because each individual experiences stress in a different way. Consequently, researchers who conducted studies on the subject offered different explanations of stress. According to Abouderie (1996), stress is "a complex experience, which has been explained and investig ated in various different ways and in general terms, and it originates from over-demanding situations." On the other hand, Hans Seleys (1936) defines stress as "an unspecified reaction of the body to the everyday pressure and needs which results in pleasant or painful outcomes." According to Richard (Please indicate the year of publication), the term stress is defined as "the state of anxiety constructed from an event or responsibility that someone cannot deal with." A more exhaustive explanation of the term can be found in the definition that "stress is commonly accepted as a mental, emotional, psychological or physiological disruptive condition resulting from excessive pressure being placed on an individual." (Deane, Chummun and Prashad 2001 and Occupational Hazards 2004). Stress can be the outcome of an anxious day at work or a terrible flight to New York. Hans Selye (1936) concludes that stress is "a way of life" and he goes beyond by saying that: "Everyone knows what stress is, but nobody really knows." What is work stress One of the most important types of stress common to the modern world is work stress. A study by Lehtinen, Haditaja and Hinkkanen (2003) concludes that "occupational stress was found to be the second most frequent occupational health problem which is affecting 28% of employees in the European Union." Consequently, occupational psychologists researched the field of occupational stress in order to prevent the negative impacts that stress causes at the workplace environment as well as to the individuals. In addition, researchers who examined the field of occupational stress identified the factors that cause it. Psychologists, after exhaustive research, find that "occupational stress was the psychological and emotional reactions that arise when employees experience an imbalance between their occupation demands and their capability and/or resources to congregate these demands." (Deane et al, 2001 and Bekker, Jong , Zijlstra and Van Landeghem 2000). In more simplistic terms, occupational st ress can be discerned as the pressure which an individual experiences in the workplace environment. PMI- measure of occupational stress There are also many synonyms used to replace the word

Econimc Growth without Environmental Damage Essay

Econimc Growth without Environmental Damage - Essay Example However, action has to be taken immediately due to what happened in the past. Nevertheless, it does not matter at what stage of economic growth the country is at that moment. It has since been proven, as it will be seen later in the text, both economic growth and environmental conservation can run con-currently. Moreover, this occurrence has the ability to benefit economies financially and with greater gains than before if properly executed. The first and foremost way to deal with this situation is proper planning for the eventualities of economic growth. Since experience has given important lessons of what could happen if economic growth is not monitored, it is therefore, sensible to use this knowledge as an advantage. Planning for the environment should coincide with when policies for economic growth are made. Therefore, the tendency to pursue economic growth blindly without environmental policies and only clean up after it becomes affordable is avoided (Clapp & Dauvergne 352). Cou ntries should start concentrating on exploiting renewable sources of energy. This is especially for countries that have achieved considerable economic growth without regards to its effect to the environment. It will ensure continuing economic growth while environmental damage is greatly reduced (Vollebergh 34). For many countries and governments, this may be most convenient way and at times the only way to salvage the situation. Since the reality is that, many nations lack the financial ability to take a step towards environmental conservation at the expense of the economy. The message of sustainable development should be spread everywhere. It is natural that many governments will not be willing to tell its people to stop doing things that give them money as producers or pleasure as consumers (Sackman 50). However, by letting people understand the logic behind this idea, it will enable them to understand the connection between population growth, economic growth and environmental deg radation in that respect other than individually. The impact may not be drastic but will sink in with time and with experience. Consequently, people will be willing to sacrifice themselves in whatever way for the conservation of their environment, which in reality determines their comfort and better yet, their longevity. The quickest way to reduce environmental degradation is through public and private partnership through investing in research, development expenditure and human capital skills (Pearce & Barbier 32). The private sector has played a fair share and can even be said to have collaborated in destroying the environment as the government endeavored to create favorable conditions for investment so as to stir economic growth. It is also economical for economies that are not stable enough to initiate and sustain environmental programs before revenue begins to flow in again. The partnership should enable investment in technology that remedies or assists in remedying the current environmental situation in the world. There is also need for Technological innovation, invention and advancement that can assist in avoiding long and expensive procedures. However, it does not go unnoticed that there are some steps that have been made towards this direction. There are windmills and solar panels that enable large-scale harnessing of wind and solar power respectively; genetically modified crops, manufacture of environmental-friendly cars that use

What is the main difference between Aristotle's account of virtue and Essay

What is the main difference between Aristotle's account of virtue and Socrates' account of virtue Who has the more plausible view - Essay Example In this way, Aristotle has accepted the Socrate’s account of virtue as related to courage but he is differentiated from Socrates to the following point: courage, which, in the form of knowledge, is for Socrates the basis of virtue (Kahn 1998, p.85), is considered for Aristotle just an element of virtue; the latter, in accordance with Aristotle, is likely to be influenced from other elements and values, such as eudaimonia (Klosko 2006). The differences regarding the views of Socrates and Aristotle on virtue are analytically presented below; explanations are given, as possible by referring to the relevant texts. Also, suggestions are made regarding the potential limitation of the distance between the views of Socrates and Aristotle on virtue and its elements. The key difference between Aristotle’s account of virtue and Socrates’ account of virtue is highlighted in the study of Achtenberg (2002); in accordance with the above researchers, Socrates emphasized on virtue as knowledge, while Aristotle considered virtue as related to the behavioural characteristics of each individual; in the context of Aristotle’s account of virtue, virtue is an element of human behaviour which requires the emotional development of the person involved (Achtenberg 2002, p.24). From this point of view, minors cannot have virtue – at least not in its full form – since their emotional development is still in progress. The importance of knowledge as a criterion for virtue has been the key characteristic of Socrates’ account of virtue. Curren (2000) noted that Plato accepted the view of Socrates that ‘wisdom is a key element of virtue’ (Curren 2000, p.48). It is on this basis that the suggestions of Plato on education have been based. Taking into consideration the fact that virtue can be taught, as Socrates supported, Plato developed the framework

Quantitative Analysis of Charitable Donations Essay

Quantitative Analysis of Charitable Donations - Essay Example In addition, they provide a platform for supporters to contribute or raise funds in secure and ethical ways. Generally, collection methods are important mechanisms for exchange of information amongst the donors and the fundraising organizations. There are various methods of collection. These methods include street collections, house-to-house or door-to-door and static (mall) collections. Door-to-door and street collections can be categorized as face-to-face collections or fundraising as they involve physical meetings of donors and charity organizations (American Law Institute-American Bar Association Committee on Continuing Professional Education, 2011). These are the most popular collection methods because they result to profitable returns; donors are asked to donate regularly. Securing donations enable charities to plan for future campaigns since money is guaranteed. Furthermore, face-to-face collection methods tend to raise awareness of small organizations and improve the status of larger ones (Government of Western Australia, 2012). On the other hand, Static collection is a common practice by charity organizations that uses static boxes to collect funds in malls or business centers. Thus, this paper is meant to discuss various collection methods and apply quantitative analysis to identify the most appropriate method of charitable collection. This method can also be referred to as house-to-house collection method. Fundraisers who apply this method call at homes of donors in order to solicit contributions for different charities. In most cases, it is deemed as a regular way of donating but some donors prefer one-off donation. Fundraisers work as a team or in teams in order to approach donors in various homes. Moreover, some charity organizations or agencies may not be able to schedule appointments for next collections from donors. This makes the donors to oblige to support the charities. Fundraisers who work on

Issues of Freedom and Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Issues of Freedom and Power - Essay Example Economic freedom- Knights of labor Knights of labor, a major labor union during the 1860 hold a significant role in the evolution of economic rights in the United States. The formation of Knights of labor was the first efforts in the national labor organization because it was among the first labor unions to rally its members behind a goal. Nonetheless, the Knights of labor were a secret union characterized with less political pressure on its members. Uriah Stevens was the founder of the Knights of Labor, with many of his followers being Irish immigrant who were mainly Catholics. As a labor union, the Knights of labors enrolled members in various states to champion for improved rights of workers. Formed at a time when the United States repressed freedom of expression, the Knights of Labor worked in secrecy often recruiting its members using oaths and rituals. The main thrust of Knights of labor was to advocate for better economic reforms in their industries. At a time, when most of the immigrant received little pay and poor working conditions, the Knight of Labor became the ultimate vehicle to push for meaningful economic reforms. While the Knights of Labor avoided using industrial action, some of its members in states like Chicago were ready to strike. In 1886, about 80,000 people marched through Chicago supporting an eight-hour work shift. The long working hours were one of the main reasons that prompted the demonstration by members of Knight of Labor. This ignited confrontations between the Knights of Labor and the police who wanted to maintain law and order. In a social perspective, the Knight of Labor represented a growing awareness of rights among the workers. For instance, the call for an eight-hour work shift displayed a growing interest in social welfare among the workers.ii Most important, the meeting and demonstration among the workers guild indicated that rising level of social empowerment among the workers. Largely, the Knight of Labor has achieved many social gains because of its transformation from a secret labor to expressing its interest in various cities. Knight of Labor also championed for an end to child labor, a phenomenon that had characterized the American Labor environment. The political manifestation of 1960 would be incomplete without mention Knight of labor. Within the Knight Labor, there were some groups with interest to take control of the union. After leading a series of strikes, the government sentenced Albert Parson to death. This event made Lucy Parson seek ways of saving men that the government had convicted for deaths during strike. After visiting Europe in 1888, Lucy returned back American expressing new optimism in labor movements as she addressed workers and pressurized the state to create more projects in order to employ people. Political freedom (Progressivism- muckrakers and reform) The political freedom in the United States is a product of struggles that defined and helped create meaningful political reforms. With growing interest for political reforms, a group of Journalist joined hands to highlight on the wrongs of government through the literary works, which they published in magazines such as The Saturday Evening post McClure’

Introduction to Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Introduction to Psychology - Essay Example Neurons have three structural classifications which are Dendrites, Cell body, and the Axon. The bushy Dendrite fibers are shaggy subdivisions of a neuron that receive information and conduct it towards the cell body. From there the axon fibers forward the information to other neurons or to muscles or glands. The axon has terminal fibers at its end and the message passes through these fibers from one neuron to next. After the information reaches the axon, it then moves down in the form of an electrical signal which is called action potential. Unlike the short dendrites, axons are sometimes very long projecting several feet throughout the body. When the electrical impulse reaches the end of an axon, the information is then transmitted across the synaptic gap to the dendrites of the neighboring neuron. Synapse or synaptic gap is the gap between axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite and cell body of receiving neuron. Sometimes, the electrical signal can bridge the gap between the neurons instantaneously and continue along its path. Otherwise, neurotransmitters send the information from one neuron to the next. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that navigate the synaptic space between neurons. As the sending neuron releases the neurotransmitter, it then travels through the synapse and moves on to the receptor sites on the receiving neurons and thus it influences the neuron to produce a neural impulse. Each neuron in the Each neuron in the brain is itself a tiny gadget that has intricate functions. From hundred and thousands of other neurons, it receives signals on its dendrites and cell body. Some of these signals are excitatory, somewhat like pushing a neuron's accelerator. Other signals are inhibitory, more like pushing its break. A particular level of stimulation called the threshold is needed to activate a neural impulse. If the excitatory signals outvote the inhibitory signals and they are more than a minimum intensity, the collective signals give rise to an action potential. The action potential transmits down the axon, which branches into junctions with thousands of other neurons and with the body's muscles and glands. The release of neurotransmitters is activated when the action potential reaches the terminal branches of the axon. The neurotransmitter molecules take less than a second to cross the synaptic gap and attaching to receptor sited of receiving neurons. The neurotransmitter releases minute channels at the receiving site in an instant, allowing the electrically charged atoms to enter the receiving neuron and thus exciting or inhibiting its speediness to fire. Excess neurotransmitters are absorbed by the sending neuron in a procedure known as reuptake. Neurons have three structural and functional classifications. On a structural basis the neurons are classified as Multipolar neurons, Bipolar neurons and Unipolar neurons. Multipolar neurons have one axon and several dendrites. Brain and spinal cord neurons are generally multipolar neurons. Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite. These neurons are mostly found the retina of the eye, the olfactory area and the inner ear. Neurons with just one process extending from the cell body are known as unipolar neurons. In that one process, one part acts as an axon and other part functions as a dendrite. On functional basis neurons are classified as Sensory, Motor, and inter Neurons. Sensory Neurons also called the efferent neurons takes impulses from the sense receptors in the skin, the sense organs and the large

Take Back the Night April 17, 2008 Essay Example for Free

Take Back the Night April 17, 2008 Essay â€Å"Take Back the Night† was an evening dedicated to taking a stand against sexual violence, primarily on females. The event had many phases including musicals and spoken word performances, such as the â€Å"Denim Day† fashion show, â€Å"Walk in Her Shoes† contest, and the candlelight vigil. The event started off by introducing the concept of fighting against violence, especially those who were silenced by power. Those who were sexually violated and those who have experienced sexual violence sometime in their lives were also given much attention. â€Å"Take Back the Night† was a reclamation of the right to feel and be safe all the time, especially during the evenings. Statistics showed that an average harasser molests eighteen times before being apprehended. This was an information that surprised everyone. During the event, R. E. A. C. H peer educators were present to showcase their talents through playing music, singing, reading poetries, and sharing their feelings and emotions. The denim day fashion show presented the message, â€Å"Break the dress code, break the silence! †. It was a success for both the viewers and the organizers. The most important part of the event was the candlelight vigil. This was the time when those present were given the chance to voice out their concerns and emotions, at the same time it was a moment dedicated to silence and remembering the events that happened in the past. The event has given me more insights about sexual violence. I was deeply disheartened to hear their stories and chants about the experiences they had. It is my belief that no one can ever fully understand the difficulties and struggles these victims go through, unless the same sufferings were endured as that of the victims. I can personally say that I do not fully understand the real meaning of sexual abuse, although I, myself have experienced some during my youth. As a sixth grader, a female teacher asked me to show her my body parts because I was not paying much attention during her class. She even threatened me not to tell anyone of the incident, or else she will not be nice to me during class anymore. I was frightened, so I never said a word to anybody. A few weeks after, she came to me again. This time, she commanded me to take my clothes off, and masturbate in front of her. I did not have an idea as to what masturbation was, so she helped me. I felt broken afterwards. I do not know if this was considered as sexual abuse or not, all I knew was that she did that horrible deed unwillingly. The event helped me bridge reality with the lessons taught in class. Women were being treated as sex animals, and these treatments often lead to sexual violence. Professor Chikako Takeshita often invited guests to share some of the techniques that would be beneficial for both male and females against sexual violence. Personally, self-defense was the most beneficial for me, although I also valued the other information given, such as the hotline for both endangered and victims of sexual violence.

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example for Free

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Fahrenheit 451 is a book that was published by Ray Bradbury in 1953. This book tells the story in which intellectual thought and books are illegal. According to the book, the futuristic firemen have the responsibility of setting fire to the books and any place that they reside. Numerous significant symbols occur in this book. In my opinion, fire, the Hearth and the Salamander, and the Phoenix are three of the most important symbols. The title of the book is an important symbol in and of itself. Ray Bradbury titled the book Fahrenheit 451 because 451 degrees Fahrenheit is the temperature at which paper burns. Fire is a symbol of destruction. It’s significant because the main character, Guy Montag, and the rest of the firemen burn books because they are illegal. When seventeen-year-old Clarisse McClellan asks if Montag ever reads any of the books he burns, he laughs and replies â€Å"That’s against the law!† When Clarisse and Montag begin to talk more, Montag is taken aback by the different knowledge that Clarisse expresses to him. She tells him that firemen used to be sent out to stop fires, not start them. Montag couldn’t fight the sudden burning curiosity that over took all of his past beliefs. He began to collect books from each book burning and read them. The Hearth and the Salamander is the title of the first section of the book. Hearths are fireplaces that are traditionally placed in the center of the home and are a source of warmth. They represent the constructive use of fire, which Clarisse unintentionally shows Montag. After walking and talking with Clarisse, he realizes that he is not happy. The book states, â€Å"He felt his smile slide away, melt, fold over and down on itself like a tallow skin, like the stuff of a fantastic candle burning too long and now collapsing and now blown out. Darkness. He was not happy.† The salamander on the other hand was once believed to be able to live in fire without being consumed by it. This represents the destructive side of fire. Salamanders are the names given to the fire trucks and are the official symbols of the firemen. When Clarisse meets Montag for the first time the book describes her as being, â€Å"hypnotized by the salamander on his arm.† The Phoenix is a huge symbol that is mentioned in the novel. Toward the end of the story, the city is completely destroyed. The Phoenix was a mystical bird that would burn itself up and then rise again. Granger explains the legend of the Phoenix to Montag when they are watching the fire. It’s used to symbolize the renewal of mankind. Like the Phoenix, they have the ability to rise from the ashes, and rebuild their society. These extremely significant symbols are what make the novel a fantastic story. Fire, the Hearth and the Salamander, and the Phoenix are three symbols that I chose to go into detail about. They each express a different meaning of the book. The thought of firemen starting fires is something that could possibly change when rebuilding the city. At the end of the book they have one thing in mind and that is to change people’s minds about books.

Vulnerable Population Health

Vulnerable Population Health Introduction Vulnerable population has become a burden for the United States as because their lacks of economic stability, improper health care service, social ignorance and so many other controversial factors. As they are considered as an important portion of the total U.S. population, thats why they are to be treated equally compared to the other U.S. citizens. One of the complex issues in their current situation is their health related problems. Their mental health problem and the drug abuse are two issues that have made them out of success. The goal set by the U.S. department of health and human services named â€Å"healthy people 2010 goals† is largely depends on this vulnerable population. Furthermore, in addition others things are also becoming obstacle to get the success. Hispanics and African American represent a large portion of entire U.S. population. Hispanics generally come from the Latin countries and Africa American from the content Africa. But the most important fact is that, among them a huge number of people are homeless and it is to be said the self-contradictory characteristic of U.S. the richest country of the world. These communities are suffering from improper health care services and have the high tendency to suicide. Their education background is also vulnerable compared to the whites. In this case the nurses can play a major role in regarding both providing the better health care services and educate this vulnerable population. There are also some other health related problems that can be solved by making a positive atmosphere by the nurses. The nurses need to know and understand in what circumstances they will act and how they will do that. The homeless population is a social group considered as a vulnerable because these homeless are at an increased risk for adverse health-related outcomes. Recognize and understand the homelessness and the relationship From the last two decades a good number of American cities experienced epidemics which challenged some beliefs. These people are concerned for affecting with HIV, violence, substance abuse, asthma, infant mortality or so many others factor. The vulnerable population is to be said the most sufferers in this case. However, there are a lot of complexities in regarding the health issues from the perspective of this population. Now, in America ‘a huge number of homeless people is a huge headache for the government as well as for the health and human services. This homeless inner city Spanish people are not only poor but also weak in health. According to the ‘human Rights Record of the United States in 2005, US has 727,304 homeless people nationwide. It reminds tha t one in every 400 Americans are living without home. The Los Angeles, according to the statistics is the capital of homeless people. The United States dubs that it is the worlds richest country, but the report given by the London school of Economics represents that U.S is has the highest poverty rate among the developed countries. This report also says that U.S. has the worst social inequality. Among them the Hispanics are at the top of the list. Now this community includes approximately 35.3 million people. By 2050, approximately 102 million Hispanics will reside in the United States which is nearly 24.5 percent of the total U.S. population. So it is needless to mention that if Hispanics experience poorer health status, then the expected demographic change will magnify the adverse economic, social, and health impact of such disparities in the United States. (J. Pumariega n.d.). Hispanic origin women can be from any race. According to estimation the Hispanic includes 63 percent Mex ican American, 14 percent central and South Americans, 11 percent Puerto Ricans and the rest 8 percent are from other. Among them 90 percent resides at the urban areas and 70 percent concentrated in 6 states-California, Texas, New York, Florida, New Jersey and Illinois. Black or African American are second at the list of vulnerable population in the United States. This origin has more undetected diseases and more chronic diseases comparatively to the whites. Inadequate housing, dangerous job and improper medical care represents the limited access of African American to the prerequisites for improved and safety health status includes better education, higher incomes and use of health care services as needed. Various types of risk factors are also involved in the daily activities of this population. â€Å"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Healthy People 2010 goals† has provided several instructions in regarding to the health issues of this vulnerable population. The large portions of this vulnerable population are suffering from mental, psychiatric and substance abuse problem. Besides this the drug problem should be mentioned if health related factors described. The Hispanics are more than two times more likely than whites to indicate current drug abuse. So, such types of problems lead to a number of big problems that is quite impossible to handle. To improve and develop the health of this population, the nurses can keep a major role strongly. The nurses need to understand the various nursing environment and they should response in accordance with the environment. In the environment of vulnerable population the nurses expand their knowledge base in leaps and bounds. The nurses need to be supported into this field and others. Health issues Mental problem The previous study found that the ratio of homeless people is highest among the Hispanics. As these Hispanics are homeless, they suffer from various kinds of mental problems and that is a national concern as well. Hence, the street beggars and those sleeping in public places have increased among the Hispanics. Homeless people are in want of emotional support, caring professionals and help that work within their frame of reality. Notably, each homeless group has different demographics and health needs. There are some denominators that are the obstacles in regarding to access health care. Nurses are the best effective means of serving the needs of these homeless people. Nurse-managed clinics can be a better solution to provide these needs and wants. However, with the help of these clinics homeless people can get continuity of care, suitable follow up, and teaching to aid in illness prevention. The freer clinic needs to be established so that the nurses can provide and meet the health n eeds and of homeless community. Among the Hispanics the mental, psychiatric and substance abuse problem has described as one of the problem of health issues. Another problem is the drug abuse problem. Several recent reports and researches provide the identified problems in access to and caring services that affects the Hispanics groups. The 2006 national healthcare Disparities report says that Hispanics scored lower that European American on 90% of access measures. (Armando W. 2007 et all) The focused research of this report is to improve the systems of care in order to deliver more equitable services. But the question is who will provide this desired service to this population and how they will do it. Point to be noted; â€Å"only 1% of licensedpsychologists and American Psychological Association membersare Hispanic†. (Armando W. 2007 et all). So, generally they are not in the field of getting proper support in their mental problems. It is known that the Hispanics are not efficient in speaking English. So when they conduct with the health service provider then as expected they got lower facilities because of language barriers. However, who are expert in English get more facilities and most severe symptom ratings, followed by those who spoke only English or only Spanish during the interview. Health insurance is a critical issue in Hispanic health factors. One third of the Hispanic population lacks it, which is double the national average. Hispanics comprises the largest ethnic minority group in the United States. The previous study found that â€Å"Mexican immigrants had considerably lower lifetime prevalence rates of major mental disorders than did-U.S. born Mexican Americans.†(R. Lopez, 2000). There are some demographic and risk factors in the perspective of Hispanic vulnerable population. The prevalence of mental health problems varied by racial or ethnic group. Among State prisoners, 62% of white inmates, compared to 55% of blacks and 46% of Hispanics, were found to have a mental health problem.(J. James E. Glaze, 2006) Among Hispanics Americans fewer than 1 in 11 do contact with specialist and 1 in 5 contact general health care provider. One national study found that only 24 percent of Hispanics received appropriate care compared to 34 percent of whites. What nurses can do The psychiatric-mental health nurses are efficient and educationally prepared to provide the full range of health services. The primary mental health care services are the first needs to face the challenges. To do so, some especial educational programs should be provided to the nurse practitioners.teh psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner is advanced practice registered nurses who focus to develop the psychiatric disorders or mental health problem. They provide the wide range of settings to the patients who are seeking primary mental health services. The promotion of optimal mental health, prevention and treatment of mental health problem are the function of these nurses. They play a vital role in assisting people to identify the causes of the possible results of stress. Nursing care can be delivered on a one to one basis. The mental health nurses play a key role in the primary health care team efficiently. They are also expert in health education and promotion, seeking the ge neral public Substance abuse Substance abuse refers to the abuse of drugs or alcohol that is primarily illicit. Hispanics are mostly known as â€Å"hard-to-reach† population in the context of health communication. Drug use among Hispanics has a sparse which is vastly higher than among who are surrounded by their own culture. Drug abuse among the Hispanics is another concern for the government as well as for the future generation. The following are the risk factors in regarding to the drug abuse among the Hispanics in United States. Rates for illicit drug abuse and dependence are highest for Hispanics (7.8%). Hispanic adolescents are more likely to abuse drugs; especially crack cocaine, heroin, and ‘ice, than are adolescents from other ethnic groups. An overview of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Healthy People 2010 goals Healthy people 2010 is planned to achieve two overarching goals: Increase quality and years of healthy life The first step of â€Å"healthy people 2010† is to help individuals of all ages increase life expectancy and improve their quality of life. Eliminate health disparities: The second goal of healthy people 2010 is eliminate the health disparities among different segment of the population. ‘Healthy People 2010 is a set of health objectives for the Nation to achieve over the first decade of the new century. It can be used by many different people, States, communities, professional organizations, and others to help them develop programs to improve health. Healthy People 2010 builds on initiatives pursued over the past two decades. The 1979 Surgeon Generals Report, Healthy People, and Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives both established national health objectives and served as the basis for the development of State and community plans. Like its predecessors, Healthy People 2010 was developed through a broad consultation process, built on the best scientific knowledge and designed to measure programs over time. Healthy people objectives have been designed by the congress as the evaluation for assessing the development of the Indian health care improvement act. What nurses can do in regarding homeless Hispanics or African American and their mental health problem Mental health nurses advocate in collaboration with psychiatrists and the other practitioners to provide services as for example monitoring the Hispanics patient, mental state, managing medication and developing the links to other health care professionals and clinical service providers. Their providing services are in a range of setting and are provided at little or no cost to the patient. The homeless Hispanics and African American both are growing rapidly in context of population. They are not only growing but also their mental health is dis-improving day by day as they are considered as vulnerable population. It has been mentioned earlier that Hispanics are the largest minority community in the United States. The percentage of homeless African American is also high in United States. They are also vulnerable because of most of them are homeless and suffering from controversial mental health problem. They do feel some bad feelings about their origin root and thats why they are still in back position. In this regard, the nurses can play a major role to manipulate this community to improve their mental health. Mentality is the drive that influences people toward every outcome whether it is positive or negative. Hence, the nurses role in educating the Hispanics homeless population about how to access health care and addresses their health needs should be reflected in a systematic manner. The nurses can make them understood about the benefit of better health that will make them established at their desired level. There are a lot of people among the Hispanics who are not able to say or understand the English. In this case, the nurses have a better opportunity to teach them about the benefit of speaking English. Whenever you talk about the vulnerable or homeless people then the word needs to mention. The racial issue is a very sophisticated factor in regarding the vulnerable population. It does reflect the whole picture of vulnerable population in America. The vulnerable population should be treated in accordance with the proper plan and therefore, there also should not be any complexity. Notably, here needs to talk about the nursing aids and its function. Nursing aids is to care for physically or mentally weak, injured, disabled, and mental health setting. Nursing aids is applicable for those who are in need of a long term care. Their specialty is defined by their specific care. In context of homeless Hispanics, these nursing aids should be implemented to get the better result and overcome the problem existed among this community. The nursing aids help elderly or disabled person live in their own home instead of health care facilities. The nurses can give the instruction about how the homeless Hispanics can lead a better life after being educated and having a good health. Therefore, the better health is needed to fulfill the goals set by the â€Å"healthy people 2010† project. Lower rates of health care use by Hispanics judge against with non-Hispanics white person-in context of hospitalization, physician visit, prescribed medicine, and specific preventive service—have been found. A numerous studies found differences in culturally based attitudes in regarding health care and barriers presented by language. It has been also found that Hispanics who are less assimilated into U.S. culture face more wide-ranging barriers than those who have become acculturated with U.S. culture. Hence, there is an impact on the basis of relation between culture and use of service is quite mixed. In addition, insurance status has a larger impact on use of health care services. It is duty for the nurses to identify the specific factors that affect the function of health care services for this vulnerable population. Nurses should advocate and educate this vulnerable population. Nursing around the world needs to feel the confident and the essential and significant contribution to the provision of safe, quality patient care. It is known that the nursing workforce is the largest group within the health care system. The theoretical and practical knowledge not only guide the nurses, but also the beliefs, values and personal thinking help them to emerging advance scope of practice. Homeless Hispanics are to be said the obstacle for the U.S. developing program ‘healthy people 2010 and its success. The Hispanics are suffering from different kinds of mental health problem which is day by day going to be uncontrollable. Homeless people do not get the at least primary health service in most of the cases. As it is known that by 2050, the Hispanics will be approximately 25% of the total U.S. population. So, these successes of the â€Å"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Healthy People 2010 goals† are very much dependent on their health care. What nurses can do in regarding homeless Hispanics or African American and their drug abuse problem Drug abuse among the Hispanics and African American minority, is a strong concern as it has a larger impact on future generation. The people who are involved in drug abuse can be considered as patient from the medical perspective. However, drug abuse is becoming a growing distress for the U.S. government as well as for the health and human service. The qualities of substance abuse treatment are of interest to both the government and the treatment service provider. There has been a little research on treatment outcomes of Hispanics and African American in substance abuse treatment. However, Nurses have the potential to continue integrated interventions from the perspective of health care setting. The needs of the patients vary with the change of health care setting and the function of nurses as well. So, the field nurses need to clarify their roles and functions in relation to both the setting where they work and the patients to whom they deal with. The healthcare professionals need t o demonstrate the effectiveness of what they are used to do and how they do to maintain the quality of patient care. Substance abuse is to be said as the abuse of alcohol and other drugs. â€Å"Most culturally distinct groups have used and abused alcohol and other drugs throughout the ages, and they have established codes of behavior in their approach to drugs and alcohol†. Alcohol and other drugs have been used among the Hispanics or African American minority for thousands of years. Socio-cultural beliefs can shape the approach to and behavior regarding substance use and abuse. Culture plays a central role in forming the expectations of individuals about potential problems they may face with drug use. For many social groups, this may provide a protective factor. An example is the use of alcohol by the ancient Aztecs before any contact with white settlers. Their use of alcohol was heavily regulated and was only for ceremonial purposes. Non-ceremonial use of alcohol was strictly forbidden under penalty of death.3,8 Another example is the development of the peyote cult in northern Mexico. Peyote was used in a ceremonial setting to treat chronic alcohol addiction. This use later became a central part of the Native American church, which provided important spiritual treatment for chronic alcoholism. Recent research found that despite declining trends in use of drug abuse among the American youth, drug use among Hispanics youth remains alarmingly high. So in this case what the nurses can do is the million dollar question. The nurses provide their service in very practical way and for that reasons the result or outcome is always good. The African American has the highest tendency to use the drug and it is more likely in the youth generation. but the homeless African American or Hispanics are considered as the vulnerable population and they have not the ability to deal with these problem. In regarding this matter, the nurses can be used as a very effective tool. However, nurses will teach this vulnerable population about the bad effects of drug abuse and how is ruining their personal and family life as well as the society. Nurses normally meet legal issues in their place of work. However, many of them are either unaware of their significance or unable to face these issues. Since the findings of the study identify that learning at workplace has been valuable to gain knowledge about law, it is needed to identify legal issues in their workplace. This will help them to increase their efficiency because knowledge about legal issues upgrades their sense about their tasks. These issues provide direction that what needs to do or not to do. They should focus only how the problem can be removed in this area. The â€Å"healthy people 2010† is not just a dream, it is more than that and the homeless Hispanics or African American are the barriers of this dream. This dream should be reflected by the activities performed by the nurses. Conclusion: Now-a-days nursing has developed its all functional activities in accordance with technological, political or socio-economical rapid change. The changing boundaries of professional responsibility and its influence on their scope of practice have been emerged. For the effective care the nurses must all work together toward a common goal to meet the needs and serving the interest of the patient. According to the UKCC code of professional contact, clause 4 states that in the exercise of professional accountability, the registered nurse must, â€Å"Acknowledge any limitations in your knowledge and competence and decline any duties or responsibilities unless able to perform them in a safe and skilled manner.† (Turnbull Mark) However, Hispanics are becoming a large portion of U.S. population day by day and they are in need of the proper health care services. A lot of barriers are involved in regarding their health problem whether it is mental or about drug abuse. The nurses are to be said as the key element who can work together in the field to make a better move of health care services for the homeless Hispanics and African American.

Renewal in Yeats Second Coming and Eliots Journey of the Magi Essay

Renewal in Yeats' Second Coming and Eliot's Journey of the Magi  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Both William Butler Yeats' "Second Coming" and T.S. Eliot's "Journey of the Magi" present a renewal process, but each one focuses on different goals and subjects; Eliot on a particular person's transformation, whereas Yeats predicts a renovation of the entire world as a result of an escalation of chaos. And while Yeats attempts to present a definite picture of what he believes will happen at the time of this renovation, as a human being, lack of foresight leaves him to conclude with nothing more than an unanswerable question. Eliot, on the other hand, uses ambiguity to support and develop his theme: death is the way to rebirth. But for Eliot this rebirth, which must be necessarily obscure, is full of doubt, accompanied by pain, and extremely perplexing to the newly-born (www.fgcu* 6). Eliot utilizes a vague diction and imagery, and his narrative tone progresses to philosophical and doubtful discourse. In contrast, Yeats maintains a pessimistic tone created by his futilit y on the bleak situation toward which the world proceeds. As opposed to projecting an inevitable and pessimistic demise of the Christian era and a renewal of the world as Yeats does in his poem, "Second Coming," Eliot presents the renewal of a Magus, his way of life and beliefs as a result of the birth of the Christian era.    Yeats views the world and civilization as a cycle: the world revolves on a two thousand year period, and restarts every two thousand years ("Twenty centuries . . . come round at last"). Yeats' view may lead to an initial response of the inescapableness of the world's end, and therefore no need for concern, but his pessimistic outlook results from society's... ...Eliot's message, death results in rebirth.    Works Cited    http://www.en.utexas.edu/~benjamin/316kf...studentprojects/kiplingyeats/falcon.html http://orchard.cortland.edu/intropoetry/essaytwo/bethka(cc).html http://www.fgcu.edu/~wohlpart/eliot.html#poem    Keane, Patrick J. Yeats's Interactions with Tradition. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1987. Peterson, Richard F. William Butler Yeats. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982. Pinion, F.B. A T.S. Eliot Companion. Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes and Noble Books,1986. Raffel, Burton. T.S Eliot. New York: Frederick Publishing Co., 1982. Unterecker, John. A Reader's Guide to William Butler Yeats. New York: Octagon Publishers, 1983. Williamson, George. A Reader's Guide to T.S. Eliot; a Poem by Poem Analysis. New York: Octagon Books, 1966.      

Incorporation of the Ottoman Empire into the Capitalist World-Economy, 1750-1839 :: History Economics Ottoman Empire Essays

Incorporation of the Ottoman Empire into the Capitalist World-Economy, 1750-1839 In 1977, Immanuel Wallerstein proposed a research agenda to answer the question: When and by what process did the Ottoman Empire become incorporated into the capitalist world-economy? He also asked whether incorporation was a single event or a series of events for the different regions of the Empire--Rumelia, Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt. He suggested the answer be sought in Ottoman production processes and trade patterns between 1550 and 1850. By 1980, Wallerstein had answered his own question. When the European base of the capitalist world-economy began to develop its boundaries in the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire remained outside the system. Between 1750 and 1839, the process of incorporation into the capitalist world-economy was complete and the Ottoman Empire had been peripheralized. Wallerstein did not comment whether incorporation was a single event or a series of events. In this paper, I argue that current scholarship fails to support Wallerstein's version of incorporation of the Ottoman Empire into the capitalist world-economy. I examine Wallerstein's arguments and critique his discussion based on my own interpretation of recent work by Ottoman and Balkan historians pertaining to Rumelia (Southeastern Europe). According to Wallerstein, a world-economy is a single social economy containing multiple state or political structures that operates on the basis of a capitalist mode of production and in which ceaseless accumulation of capital guides the system. Wallerstein recently added the word "ceaseless" (his italics) to his definition in order to distinguish his paradigm of the capitalist world-economy with its origins in the sixteenth century from other paradigms that trace the origins to earlier points in history. The capitalist world-economy comprises a core, a periphery, and a semiperiphery. Nation-states reach the core by successfully exploiting other geographic areas in the periphery. The semiperiphery forms a buffer zone, where geographic areas can move up into the core or down into the periphery. Geographic areas outside the world-economy are relegated to the external arena. They are eventually and inevitably incorporated into the system, however.

About the Writer Willy Russell :: Willy Russell Playwright biographies Essays

About the Writer Willy Russell William Russell was born in Whiston - just outside Liverpool, in 1947. At primary school he enjoyed reading, football and gardening, these were the only subjects he likes, but at secondary school he was consigned to the factory fodder D stream. It was in this surprising environment that he conceived the idea of being a writer. His only experience of factory work caused him to fail to obtain a printing apprenticeship, so his mother suggested he trained to be a women's hairdresser. He trained and worked as a women's hairdresser for five years, eventually running his own salon. After this he was seeking a career that would give him a greater opportunity and understanding of being a writer. He decided to become a student, having now passed O level English at night classes. No local education authority would give him a bursary, so he spent some time girder cleaning at Fords in order to fund his college O & A level studies. He only did this long enough so that he could afford the course; he spent no time extra doing this job as climbing up on dirty, oily girders was a very dangerous job which many of his colleagues were injured on. You can see in the play that Russell is commenting on society as Russell is almost like Rita, she lives near Liverpool with little education and works in a hairdresser, trying to get the opportunity to have choice by getting an education. During the play, Russell shows that the class system is a part of modern society and Rita wants to change classes, from working to middle, but has little education. She wants Equal opportunities in that the way that women are expected to have babies and stay at home all day, but in his play Rita breaks away from everyone else and gets an education and he shows in the play, how hard it really is to get an education and all the troubles that someone of a lower class has to go through to achieve there goals. I think that Russell wrote this play because he had a hard time in his own life, and he wanted to express to other people that you need to have a choice or you will begin to experience a feeling of being trapped in society. I think that Russell used humour in his play because it would make the audience watching the play understand the issues brought up. I think the play runs better as a comedy, with the humour aspects of the play rather than a more serious drama.

Ghost Soldiers Essay

The novel, Ghost Soldiers is a great book written by Hampton Sides. It depicts the true horrors of war, friendship and hope. The story takes place in the Philippines during the Japanese takeover of the island from 1942 until the year 1945, after the outbreak of World War II, when the Japanese assaulted the Philippine islands and captured it. This resulted in many prisoners of war. The American armies ran out of supplies and were tired from fighting and it led to the surrender of the American army, the Bataan death march and the imprisonment at Cabanatuan camp. The American navy was not able to evacuate completely. Most of the soldiers were left behind and taken as prisoners by the Japanese army. Hundreds of the American soldiers were taken to the Cabanatuan Camp where they were taken as captives. The Japanese were brutal to the prisoners. They tortured the prisoners, starved them, and they did not give them necessary supplies to survive, no medicine, and adequate food. In chapter one, the book focused more on April 1942. During the time nobody thought that the Japanese would attack the Philippines. American forces that were in the Philippines were relaxed thinking that the Japanese would not attack and after months of siege the American defense collapsed. During the defense, Major General Edward King was the commander of the forces at Bataan. The Japanese attack is sustained, vicious and victorious, forcing Filipino and American armies to surrender. After the surrender of the American Army in Bataan, they were grouped to form the Bataan death march. They were forced to walk through the mosquito infested jungle, with the hot temperature reaching nearly one hundred degrees. Most of the soldiers died in the Battle of Bataan, as they reached the camp many of the soldiers were sick and starved by the Japanese. After being held at the war camp for three years, the Japanese war ministry issued a â€Å"Kill All Policy† which meant that they will exterminate all the war camps in the Philippines, killing all the US prisoners in the camp. At the camp named Palawan, over a hundred U. S. soldiers were forced into gasoline filled trenches and burned alive. At camp Cabanatuan the American prisoners were oosing hope, they believe that they are forgotten by their comrades and their country. They called themselves the â€Å"Ghost Soldiers†. In January 1945 at the 6th Army Headquarters, Colonel Henry A. Mucci had been selected to devise a plan and to lead the rescue mission to camp Cabanatuan. Mucci was a tough and ambitious leader. He had been assigned to find a way to free the prisoners behind enemy lines before it was too late. It appeared to be strategically impossible for them to rescue the prisoners. They would face the heavy resistance by the Japanese and greatly outnumbered. But Mucci was ambitious; despite the extreme challenge ahead of him he still took the task. Mucci selected a young Captain Robert Prince to lead the raid who came up with a brilliant yet daring plan. He hand-picked 121 elite rangers and Alamo scouts to go into 30 miles deep into enemy territory and make a surprise attack on the camp. The U. S. joined forces with the Filipino resistance to increase their chances of success. The resistance was led by Captain Juan Pojota who had knowledge of the land area that helped them guide the group to their goal.

Psychological Abuse Essay

Psychological jest at refers to call that indemnity the psyche, or the mind. Psychological ill-treat happens when peerless person attempts to gain power and project over a nonher. It involves the deliberate infliction of pain or anguish to other person through verbal or signed conduct designed to humiliate or threaten another person (National delegation for the barroom of Elder shame). Psychological cry out if quite prevalent in the linked States. Most of its dupes argon women. Indeed, it is estimated that about 1.5 cardinal women get mentally hollod to each one year. Psychological abuse often leads to corporeal abuse, as well as mastery of the relationship and isolation from friends and family (PsychAbuse.info, 2006). Psychological abuse is dangerous because it poses many lay on the lines on the victim, such as acute stress, post traumatic stress disorder, and depression (PsychAbuse.info, 2006). The many put down effects of mental maltreatment acknowledgeOther possible consequences of psychological abuse atomic number 18 aflame instability, low sociable competency, anxiety, and low academic achievement (Canadian wellness Network, 2004). Given the effects and signs of psychological abuse, the parkland victims are those who bring forth no emotional or social support from family and friends. On the other hand, people who often have contact with vulnerable people are sometimes the ones who perpetrate psychological abuse. This classify whitethorn involve caregivers and even family members of the victim (National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse). ace important subject on psychological abuse involves neglect, oddly on children. carelessness involves the omission of protection and care call for by a child, which could lead to perverse consequences such as juvenile delinquency, ravening behavior, and child deaths (Canadian Health Network, 2004). In this connection, the occurrence that many children become victims of psych ological abuse is a very alarming issue, particularly because of the tender age of the victims. Moreover, it is observed that may victims of child psychological abuse are emotionally disturbed, mentally retarded, or physically handicapped, although the onset of these conditions may differ as to time (Wall, 1975). some other important issue with psychological abuse is the fact that it is believed to be the most under-reported form of abuse. Thus, the prevalence place reported periodically may not be accurate since they only include those incidences that have been reported (Canadian Health Network, 2004). Another critical issue on psychological abuse is its pervasiveness in dating relationships. It is estimated that abuse during the courtship ranges from 20 to 50 part of men and women. There is also another concern about the increased jeopardize of abuse in a dating relationship due to the tendency of couples to support the dating relationship before hymeneals (Burke, Stets & Pi rog-Good, 1988). All of these issues are worth exploring. Women and children come forth to be at special risk given their vulnerability. Another vulnerable crowd is the aged, who have no support systems to deposit on.ReferencesBurke, P. J., Stets, J. E. & Pirog-Good, M. A. (1988). Gender Identity, Self-Esteem, and Physical and Sexual Abuse in Dating Relationships. Social psychological science Quarterly 51(3), 272-285.Canadian Health Network. (2004). What is psychological maltreatment? Retrieved February 24, 2008, from http//www.canadian-health- network.ca/servlet/ContentServer?cid=1069439898222&pagename=CHN- RCS%2FCHNResource%2FFAQCHNResourceTemplate&c=CHNResource&lan g=EnNational Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse. Psychological Abuse. Retrieved February 24, 2008, from http//www.preventelderabuse.org/elderabuse/psychological.htmlPsychAbuse.info. (2006). Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved February 24, 2008, from http//www.psychabuse.info/Psychological_Abuse_FAQ. htmWall, C. M. (1975). baby Abuse A Societal bother with Educational Implications. Peabody Journal of Education 52(3), 222-225.

Telstra

Background Telstra is a descendant of the Post lord Generals (PMG) De qualityment of the Australian earth Public Service. In 1975 tele communication theory and postal functions were divided into dickens statutory commissions telecommunication Australia and Australia Post. Telecom Australia, the political relation-owned communications carrier, after merged with a such(prenominal)(prenominal) sm tout ensembleer presidency body, OTC, then li qualified for international remembers. Telecom rebranded itself as Telstra in the untimely 1990s. Telstra has faced challenger since the bleak- do 1980s from competing picturers.It withstands self-control of the fixed-line teleph unrivaled crystalisework, as s easy as one of deuce competing pay-tv and data tune ne cardinalrks. Other companies pass fixed-line military swear out moldiness and so deal with Telstra. Competing telecommunication companies knack slightly al carriages acc implement Telstra of overcharging for s weeping glide path to their networks the ACCC has very much agreed exclusively findings by the regulator argon s funky. 1 Current point Australias lead telecommunications and discipline Services Comp some(prenominal), Telstra muckle Ltd is thoroughly up self-collected to impart a postgraduate aim of answer in the naughtyly rivalryy communications grocery store in Australia and abroad.Telstras overhaul gos include Local, trunk call and international telephony serve officious telecommunications dos Data, pelf and online assistance sell function to primordial(a) carriers Tele prognosticate directories Pay boob tube services Telstra employs much or less(prenominal) 40,000 staff and generates revenues of some US$18 one million million million in its most youthful fiscal year. 2 swot Analysis aft(prenominal) wakeful deliberation, a work up ( forte, weakness, opportunities & threats) abstract was delivered that was reflected in a pi ckaxe of OB (Organisational doings) Theories that demonstrate the world-wide abilities and framework of Telstra.All of these theories al little be explored advertise with guess to how they operate policies, provide direction or go down maturement in relation to the SWOT analysis (Ref. to Appendix A). turn morose Analysis contestation Competitors practice session tactics motive price reductions, invigoratedfangled carrefourion introductions, and advertising campaigns to deduct advantage over their rivals. Competition is most raging when there atomic number 18 numerous direct competitors, when patience growth is slow, or when the product or service government agency non be differentiated in some focus. 3Competition is and a juvenile take exception for Telstra as it had political sympathies protection and introduceed an utile monopoly of telecommunications in Australia for numerous an oppositewise(prenominal) years. How of all time, with the modern deregulation of the grocery store and the annex in players, Telstra has increasingly been threatened with higher(prenominal) competition from competitors. The join on of players in this foodstuff support surely grammatical fictitious character guests to go shopping for the go around deals, hence Telstra is macrocosm and go forth be agonistic further in the emerging to cleanse its ambit and disco biscuits so as to retain an efficacious market placeplace fortune.Thus say, the telecommunications industry has modifyd as global sentiment towards telecommunications has morose negative in recent years, and has grapple to the comprise where the market before long rewards commercial discipline and conservatism within the industry. 4 In the corrections that has followed these events, plus the wear out of the dotcoms and tier 2 telcos, and the investing rebalancing post the millennium bug era, an estimated 3 trillion US dollars has been wiped off the value of Telc o stocks worldwide in the farthest two years.The Australian industry has not fly this market reaction, or the pressure that accompanies a fulminant slowdown in revenue growth from the arouse ride of the nineties. except in this reporting finis so far, the Australian telecommunications industry sees a soma of carriers earning reasonable revenues and cover some signs of profit improvement, and umteen ar experiencing growth in clients and market divide. approximately signifi bathroomtly, the first atomic number 23 years of blossom competition in Australia waste delivered considerable benefits for consumers lower prices, dis closelipped service, to a undischargeder extent investiture and foot, and more than(prenominal) choice. 5 According to Telstra staff, fiver years of open competition has as well as made Telstra a crack ships follow, a part competitor and a come apart servant of their guests. Telstra had to change and adapt, which they sport and theyr e agilely seeing the benefits. Still, Telstra must retain some direct of position and influence over the telecommunications market as several of Telstras competitors quetch that Telstra as a partnership is too vauntingly. Supposedly, they displacenot compete a pull inst Telstra imputable to its size, head for the hills of services, and nationwide coverage.Telstra is too powerful, and its competitors are calling for geomorphological separation, and dismantling Telstra into small companies that would run the wholesale network and serve retail nodes. 6 Cost suckment Cost competitiveness is shell described as keeping cost low in pitch to arrive at profits and prices that are attractive to guests, in which Telstra backside offer low prices by managing their be and keeping them down. This means organism expeditious, accomplishing their goals by development their resources wisely, and minimizing waste. 7 With impact to cost competitiveness, Telstra is able to com pete with the trump in the market, although deregulation and the increase in telecommunications companies such as Optus and Vodafone are proving themselves as potential threats to Telstras dominance of the telecommunications market in Australia. Telstra cover ups to deliver on cost control. The cost carrying into action of the company has been actualize grow and underpins revenue performance. It is a necessity for succeeder in providing value for their clients.Telstra withal reads to comeback into love the challenge that sustained technical change raises for Australias telecommunications trunk. In additions, as a geographically long country with a extremely dispersed population, hardened at a great distance from its concern partners, Australia imagines more heavily than former(a) countries do on the timber, efficiency and forward-lookingness of its telecommunications system. As impudent technologies expand the benefits telecommunications fire puzzle out, Aust ralians in contingent, stand to gain from an environment that promotes be active adoption and widespread use.Within iii to five years, it is estimated the dish up of convergence volition offer the greatest opportunities in this respect. Convergence, viewed from a technological perspective, refers to the process by which services that were previously support over lucid communications radixs are co-ordinated around a parking area, high capacity, digital weapons platform. This brings with it the blurring of boundaries mingled with once-distinct services and the creation of suppliers from previously separate markets into a right away feature and necessarily wider market place. 8From the consumer perspective, convergence brings clear gains. opinion on a common infrastructure allows efficiencies to be obtained, reducing costs and charges. That infrastructures high capacity allows red-hot services to be offered, extending the cast of content and applications that consumer s back tooth addition. At the same time, the hold up together of markets brings previously separated suppliers into head-on competition with all the benefits that competition yields. Although potentially a threat for Telstra as it purenessthorn lose market share in particular areas, it is also an hazard if it tooshie take dvantage of lowering prices to attract more customers. This will depend on the strength of Telstras innovations in draft customers attention, unless also on way Telstra can incite profits piece lowering prices without staff cutbacks or branch closures. 9 It is against this desktop that the impact of regulation ineluctably to be assessed. By adding timidty to what is already a highly uncertain environment, the current regulation of access discourages investment funds some(prenominal) by Telstra and by Telstras competitors.At the same time, the warp in the direction of toilsome to set ever lower charges for access seekers, regardless of costs tha t has emerged in ACCC decision- devising distorts price signals and expectations in ways inimical to efficient investment and to technological change. This overlook of any internally consistent, rigorous approach by the ACCC to decisions such as these is, in Telstras view, unjustifiable. It is no defence to say, as the ACCC does in its most recent submission to the Commission, that boilers vitrine Telstras PSTN is remunerative. counterbalance putting aside the absurdities evident in the manner in which the ACCC has r each(prenominal)ed this assessment, the ACCCs argument seems to regard that so long as Telstra is not pass under, access determine decisions can be taken without proper regard to their consequences for Telstras expertness to recover costs and finance investments. No doubt, this decision comes as a broad threat to Telstras competitiveness in the communications industry and Telstra is set to potential lose a large baseball swing of the market share or sharehol der confidence, depending on how the company reacts to the announcement.The reality is that at the margin, Telstra must portion its funds among competing uses in the scintillation not of the footling term or immediate profit superpower of the grouping of services they support, simply of their revert over the animation of the assets existence acquired. Even if it were the case that Telstras PSTN was profitable in some economically relevant thought straightaway, it is the future profitability of the service that counts and the ever alter competition in this area, combine with continued levorotary regulatory intervention, hardly makes investment in the dismiss attractive when ompared to alternatives. No less importantly, the fact ashes that the ACCCs decisions, by mount access charges at a lower place cost, cannot but distort and put down investment in regulated assets, as the double back on that investment to Telstra is sinkd below the fall it yields to consumers and service suppliers as a whole. It is these impacts at the margin, sooner than aggregate comparisons of costs and revenues, that are economically relevant. spirit part can be measured in toll of performance, additive features, reliability (failure or breakdowns), and conformation to standards, durability, serviceability, and aesthetics. In addition, the duty of a product, including such things as attractiveness, lack of defects, reliability, and long-run dependability. defines the expectations that more populate these age subscribe of companies and consequently, the variety of service that Telstra endeavours to deliver. 10 The importance of quality, and standards for delicious quality, has change magnitude dramatically in recent years.Firms cannot get by offering poor quality products as they could a hardly a(prenominal) years ago. Customers now entreat high quality and value, and generally will accept nothing less. 11 Telstras performance in regional and outl andish Australia is constantly under scrutiny. Telstra welcomes this scrutiny because the level of improvement in service levels and performance in regional, coarse and removed Australia over the past two years has been dramatic. 12 In recognition of the spare necessitate of regional customers, Telstra commonwealth Wide was established in June 2000.According to Telstra, it was one of the ruff business decisions they ever took. Telstra sylvan Wide today services three million customers who account for more than $3 billion in revenue to Telstra, no doubt a strength in revenue for Telstra, although raises questions as to whether service is being constraind to make way for increased revenue. 13 Even so, remote customers can now make untimed local anaesthetic calls to community service towns hundreds of kilometres away, which better reflects the reality of spirit in rural Australia. Mobile coverage now reaches 97% of the population.To achieve this, Telstra has been working wi th the Federal brass to establish fluid services to smaller towns and to improve the quality of busy connections nationwide. 14 Speed In the selective information Age, speed is everything to more or less everyone, which makes it a priority for Telstra to deliver the kind of services that mass expect. temporary hookup Telstras services in rural Australia are often reported to be lacking in terms of connection time for phone and internet, as well as the ability of Telstra staff to respond to customer requests or complaints, tonic technologies are being sought-after(a)-after(a) that can reduce these problems.Hence, how fast can Telstra develop and get a new product to market? How quickly can they respond to customers requests? Telstra is far better off if they are quicker than the competition and if they can respond quickly to their competitors actions. 15 Therefore, Telstra has seen an luck in this to respond to peoples call for and increasingly has promoted wideband as a vi able, effective and efficient way of ensuring speed in communications.Broadband is growth crosswise Australia because people are attracted to faster transfer times and having a unending online connection. 16 Broadband enables a high-speed permanent lucre connection. Its about faster Internet speeds, increased capacity and capabilities and more compelling content. A modem is needed, but there are no control in access numbers racket to connect to. 17 Innovations Whether it is a change in engineering a acquittance from previous ways of doing things or introduction of new products, innovation is something that most uccessful companies get down and use to further either market share or consumer expiation. Depending on Telstras competitiveness and creativity, innovation can be a huge fortune in prehensile larger market shares and customers, or it can be a threat if other companies are more innovative. Telstra has managed to use innovative ideas to shape its success and forega ther consumer demands, some of the latest innovations being the nucleotideline Plans, Telstra Rewards Options, Homelink 1800 and Telstra Mobile CDMA. 18 Homeline plans allows the customer to select options that best suit them, whether they have friends and family close by, in another(prenominal) articulate or another country and whether they make practically of calls every day or just a few each week, in state to bring about supreme savings. 19 Telstra Rewards Options gives the customer the chance to ease 5% or 10% on their phone bill by combining their Telstra home phone, Telstra Mobile and Telstra BigPond, as well as having the added convenience of notwithstanding one bill.Homelink 1800 makes it clear for a family member to call home and they dont need cash or special cards. 20 Telstra Mobile CDMA is used curiously in rural regions of Australia and offers call clarity and security system network security lock backcloth noise suppression and call clarity and security. Because CDMA uses a more sophisticated system of transmitting phonation signals, the phone is not confused to talking on a normal phone. Whats more, CDMA signals are almost out(predicate) to decipher if they are intercepted by eavesdroppers, which means conversations are more secure.Increasingly, more of Telstras revenues will come from their operations overseas. They will continue to see customary innovations, two overseas and in Australia, that will change the way people work, learn, submit and receive information and entertainment. 21 In international growth, Telstras focus is on business fluids, data and Internet, particularly in the Asia and pacific Region, which is where it is felt that a good commercial score and experience there will help in realising opportunities for shareholders.Telstras investments in Asia have provided them with a platform for regional growth. 22 Downsizing erect simply, downsizing is the be after elimination of positions or jobs, and has ca used its ordinary share of sway surrounding companies in recent times that are displace off large numbers of workers and sacrificing customer service at the outlay of large profits and boosting investor confidence. 23Although historically, layoffs tend to expunge manufacturing firms and working(a) level workers in particular, the most recent pass of downsizing has cerebrate on delivering and eliminating bureaucratic structures, and hence, white collar midpoint managers have been those chiefly arrogateed. 24 Hence, firms such as Telstra should suspend excessive (cyclical) hiring to help reduce the need to engage in major or multiple downsizings.Beyond that, firms must avoid common mistakes such as making slow, small, frequent layoffs implementing voluntary early retirement programs that lure the best people to entrust or laying off so galore(postnominal) people that companys work can no daylong be performed. 25 Therefore, caution must be sought when laying off any amou nt of workers, as the company must maintain job satisfaction as a strength as well as be cogitate on customer service in order to avoid customer dissatisfaction and hence customers going to competitors. 26 Recommendations later on reviewing Telstra and comparing what they do with other business identical to theirs, I have put together a new and innovative way for Telstra to revitalise and take on their business, this will not tho improve customer service but also improve profitably as this will allow many processes to be completed much faster by not needing to deal with the vernacular mis misgivings and confusion associated with some of their services.At introduce Telstra could be said to be in two worlds that of the typical bureaucratic society, which often is seen in unrestricted sectors, and that of new applied science where by Telstra is highly knobbed with the introduce of new technology, barely in many ways these changes have results in more issues relating to peopl e not understanding how to use the new technology correctly, this not includes both employees as well as their clients. Such issues as these are common when new technology is introduced, yet with a business such as Telstra which already has a variety of customer service problems, this new technology has added to their worries.The only way that Telstra can castigate these issues is by combining them, to create new innovated ideas that not only still allow benevolent to human interaction but also makes better use of technology to not only improve customer service but also to speed it up. After considering the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to Telstra with regard to it, it is fair to gossip Telstra is well equanimous to continue to play a large part in the Australasian telecommunications market. While Telstra is by many standards a very flourishing company, much of that success lay behind government protection.However, with the deregulation of the telecommunicati ons market, the future is less certain for Telstra and more competition may threaten its market share and cause the company to improve its services. However, this should be viewed positively as an opportunity for Telstra to move forward, in particular expanding into Asia, and be seen as a company that can support itself. This increased competition will in time intend Telstras true strengths and weaknesses in the field of telecommunications and if the company can hold its place in the Australian telecommunications industry. Reference List reference Five Telstra Employees (They want to remain anonymous) Books Bateman & Snell, circumspection Competing in the unseasoned Era, McGraw-Hill Irwin, unused York, 2002 Kelly, J. (1969). Organizational Behaviour, the States Irwin McShane, S and Travaglione, T. (2003). Organisational Behaviour On The Pacific Rim, Sydney, McGraw-Hill Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter (2003). Management, tertiary Edition, Pearson Education Australia Rob bins, S. P. , Waters-Marsh, T. , Cacioppe, R. , and Millet, B. (1994). Organisational Behaviour. preeminent and Managing in Australia and rising Zealand. Sydney assimilator entrance hall Organisational Behaviour.Leading and Managing in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney Prentice mansion Sayles, L and Strauss, G. (1966). tender Behaviour In Organizations, USA Prentice Hall Websites Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex capitulum administrator Officer, Telstra association Limited. operablehttp//www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? talk=22001 23/ 9/05. polish Terms, easy http//www. ots. treas. gov/glossary/gloss-m. html 24/09/05 market Strategy, obtainable http//www. tutor2u. net/business/gcse/marketing_strategy_introduction. htm 24/09/05 Telstra Facts http//www. absoluteastronomy. om/ encyclopedia/t/te/telstra. htm 24/09/05. Telstra respectable Too Good. procurable http//www. telstra. com. au/regulatory/ medicos/lr-104969Ziggy_ope_ed_struct_sep. mercantilism 25/09/0 5 Telstra Options. unattached http//www. telstra. com. au/telstraoptions/ 26/09/05 Telstra pile Ltd, History http//www. telstra. com. au/ corporal/index. cfm? tR=1 23/09/05. TLS, Telstra gage Ltd How we are campaign growth to build shareholders. open http//www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm 23/09/05. TLS, Telstra quite a little Ltd 4 name Strategic Areas 2001. on tap(predicate)http//www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_3. html 29/09/05. TLS, Telstra commode Ltd chairperson and chief operating officers heart 2001. openhttp//www. conect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_5. htm 24/09/05. TLS, Telstra Corporaton Ltd national retail 2001. on hand(predicate) http//www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_8. htm 24/09/05. TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd How we are crusade harvest-feast to anatomy Shareholders. Availablehttp//www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm 23/09/05 Wikipedia Encyclopaedia, Available http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Marketing_research 24/09/05E Jour nals Brenner, O. C. , Singer, Marc G. Management Quarterly. Washington (1984). Vol. 25, Iss. 2, pg. 14 , 7 pgs (ProQuest database, ANU) Cooper, R. C. C. C. L. (2002) Does privatization affect corporate culture and employee upbeat? Journal of managerial Psychology, 17, 21 49 (ProQuest database, ANU) Dotson, L. (2004) 10 Ways To improve Your Customer Service E. C. Pasour, J. (1983) Privatization Is it the resolve? The Freeman Lovata, Linda M. MIS Quarterly. Minneapolis. Jun (1987). Vol 11. Iss. 2, pg. 147, 3 pgs (ProQuest database, ANU) Wettenhall, R.Privatization in Australia How Much and What Impacts? Canberra, Uni of Canberra. Simintiras, Antonis C. , Lancaster, Geoffrey A. Management Decision. London (1991). Vol. 29, Iss. 4, pg. 22, 6 pgs (ProQuest database, ANU) Note Assortments of lectures and tutorial notes have been used from Organisational Behaviour G. Appendixes SWOT Analysis of Telstra Strengths Weaknesses belligerent Pricing clownish Services Global disp osition of Competition competing overseas eg. South-East Asia Mobile address Coverage / Quality Internet memory access BigPond Home available across Australia for the costBroadband Access / Quality of a local call. Broadband ADSL CDMA communicate Coverage 97. 1% of Australian pop. Largest cellular mobile coverage in Australia Options to suit everyone Combining call off/Mobile/ Internet Bills Phone Range (Landline / Mobile) Directories color & Yellow Pages (standard / electronic) Opportunities Threats New / Innovative Products Increase in Competition (Optus, Vodafone, fulfil etc) Extend services & the market share of Telstra into other counties Lose of employment due to technology or cut cost measures up(p) and Expanding product and service offerings in Australia The government change the rest of Telstra (privatisation) 1 Telstra Facts http//www. absoluteastronomy. com/encyclopedia/t/te/telstra. htm 24/09/05. 2 History, Telstra Corporation Ltd h ttp//www. telstra. com. au/corporate/index. cfm? tR=1 23/09/05. 3 Bateman & Snell, op. cit, p. 53 4 Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief administrator Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Availablehttp//www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 23 kinsfolk 2005. 5 ibid 6 Telstra Just Too Good.Available http//www. telstra. com. au/regulatory/docs/lr-104969Ziggy_ope_ed_struct_sep. doc 25 folk 2005. 7 Bateman & Snell, Management Competing in the New Era, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, 2002, glossiness (G-2) 8 ibid 9 ibid 10 ibid p. 12 11 Bateman & Snell, op. cit, Glossary (G-7) 12 Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief executive director Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Availablehttp//www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 23 family line 2005. 13 ibid 14 TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd Domestic Retail 2001. Available http//www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_8. htm 24 kinfolk 2005. 15 Bateman & Snell, op. cit p. 12 16 Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Of ficer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Availablehttp//www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 23 September 2005. 17 TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd How we are driving force Growth to Build Shareholders. Availablehttp//www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm 23 September 2005. 18 Bateman & Snell, op. cit, Glossary (G-4) 19 Telstra Options. Available http//www. telstra. com. au/telstraoptions/ 26 September 2005. 20 ibid 21 Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Available ,- ? ? E ? I I c ) * + L M N ocUcUcUcEUcEc iPiPiPiPiPiPi1hchttp//www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 23 September 2005. 22 TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd How we are Driving Growth to Build Shareholders. Availablehttp//www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm 23 September 2005. 23 Bateman & Snell, op. cit, Glossary (G-3) 24 ibid p. 283 25 TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd Chairman and CEOs nub 2001. Availablehttp//www. conect4. com. au/ar/01 /tls01_5. htm 24 September 2005. 26 Cooper, R. C. C. C. L. (2002) Does privatization affect corporate culture and employee wellbeing? Journal of managerial Psychology, 17, 21 49 (ProQuest database, ANU)TelstraBackground Telstra is a descendant of the Post Master Generals (PMG) Department of the Australian Commonwealth Public Service. In 1975 telecommunications and postal functions were divided into two statutory commissions Telecom Australia and Australia Post. Telecom Australia, the government-owned communications carrier, later merged with a much smaller government body, OTC, then responsible for international calls. Telecom rebranded itself as Telstra in the early 1990s. Telstra has faced competition since the late 1980s from competing providers.It retains ownership of the fixed-line telephone network, as well as one of two competing pay-tv and data cable networks. Other companies offering fixed-line services must therefore deal with Telstra. Competing telecommunication compani es have constantly incriminate Telstra of overcharging for wholesale access to their networks the ACCC has often agreed but decisions by the regulator are slow. 1 Current Situation Australias leading telecommunications and information Services Company, Telstra Corporation Ltd is well poised to deliver a high level of service in the highly competitive communications market in Australia and abroad.Telstras service offerings include Local, long-distance and international telephony services Mobile telecommunications services Data, Internet and online services Wholesale services to other carriers Telephone directories Pay television services Telstra employs approximately 40,000 staff and generates revenues of some US$18 billion in its most recent fiscal year. 2 SWOT Analysis After careful deliberation, a SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunities & threats) analysis was developed that was reflected in a selection of OB (Organisational Behaviour) Theories that demonstrate the general abilities and framework of Telstra.All of these theories will be explored further with regard to how they shape policies, provide direction or limit growth in relation to the SWOT analysis (Ref. to Appendix A). Issue Analysis Competition Competitors use tactics like price reductions, new product introductions, and advertising campaigns to gain advantage over their rivals. Competition is most intense when there are many direct competitors, when industry growth is slow, or when the product or service cannot be differentiated in some way. 3Competition is only a recent challenge for Telstra as it had government protection and maintained an effective monopoly of telecommunications in Australia for many years. However, with the recent deregulation of the market and the increase in players, Telstra has increasingly been threatened with higher competition from competitors. The increase of players in this market will surely cause customers to go shopping for the best deals, hence Telstra is being and will be forced further in the future to improve its image and offers so as to retain an effective market share.Thus said, the telecommunications industry has changed as global sentiment towards telecommunications has turned negative in recent years, and has come to the stage where the market currently rewards commercial discipline and conservatism within the industry. 4 In the corrections that has followed these events, plus the collapse of the dotcoms and tier 2 Telcos, and the investment rebalancing post the millennium bug era, an estimated 3 trillion US dollars has been wiped off the value of Telco stocks worldwide in the last two years.The Australian industry has not escaped this market reaction, or the pressure that accompanies a sudden slowdown in revenue growth from the exciting ride of the nineties. But in this reporting period so far, the Australian telecommunications industry sees a number of carriers earning reasonable revenues and showing some signs of profit improvement, and many are experiencing growth in customers and market share. Most significantly, the first five years of open competition in Australia have delivered considerable benefits for consumers lower prices, better service, more investment and innovation, and more choice. 5 According to Telstra staff, five years of open competition has also made Telstra a better company, a better competitor and a better servant of their customers. Telstra had to change and adapt, which they have and theyre now seeing the benefits. Still, Telstra must retain some level of strength and influence over the telecommunications market as several of Telstras competitors complain that Telstra as a company is too large. Supposedly, they cannot compete against Telstra due to its size, range of services, and nationwide coverage.Telstra is too powerful, and its competitors are calling for structural separation, and dismantling Telstra into smaller companies that would run the wholesale network and serve retail customers. 6 Cost Competitiveness Cost competitiveness is best described as keeping costs low in order to achieve profits and prices that are attractive to customers, in which Telstra can offer low prices by managing their costs and keeping them down. This means being efficient, accomplishing their goals by using their resources wisely, and minimizing waste. 7 With regard to cost competitiveness, Telstra is able to compete with the best in the market, although deregulation and the increase in telecommunications companies such as Optus and Vodafone are proving themselves as potential threats to Telstras dominance of the telecommunications market in Australia. Telstra continues to deliver on cost control. The cost performance of the company has been disciplined and underpins revenue performance. It is a prerequisite for success in providing value for their customers.Telstra also demand to take into consideration the challenge that sustained technological change creates for Au stralias telecommunications system. In additions, as a geographically vast country with a highly dispersed population, located at a great distance from its trading partners, Australia depends more heavily than other countries do on the quality, efficiency and innovativeness of its telecommunications system. As new technologies expand the benefits telecommunications can bring, Australians in particular, stand to gain from an environment that promotes prompt adoption and widespread use.Within three to five years, it is estimated the process of convergence will offer the greatest opportunities in this respect. Convergence, viewed from a technological perspective, refers to the process by which services that were previously supported over distinct communications infrastructures are integrated around a common, high capacity, digital platform. This brings with it the blurring of boundaries between once-distinct services and the entry of suppliers from previously separate markets into a no w combining and necessarily wider market place. 8From the consumer perspective, convergence brings clear gains. Reliance on a common infrastructure allows efficiencies to be obtained, reducing costs and charges. That infrastructures high capacity allows new services to be offered, extending the range of content and applications that consumers can access. At the same time, the merging of markets brings previously separated suppliers into head-on competition with all the benefits that competition yields. Although potentially a threat for Telstra as it may lose market share in particular areas, it is also an opportunity if it can take dvantage of lowering prices to attract more customers. This will depend on the strength of Telstras innovations in drawing customers attention, but also on way Telstra can uphold profits while lowering prices without staff cutbacks or branch closures. 9 It is against this backdrop that the impact of regulation needs to be assessed. By adding uncertainty to what is already a highly uncertain environment, the current regulation of access discourages investment both by Telstra and by Telstras competitors.At the same time, the bias in the direction of trying to set ever lower charges for access seekers, regardless of costs that has emerged in ACCC decision-making distorts price signals and expectations in ways inimical to efficient investment and to technological change. This lack of any internally consistent, rigorous approach by the ACCC to decisions such as these is, in Telstras view, unjustifiable. It is no defence to say, as the ACCC does in its most recent submission to the Commission, that overall Telstras PSTN is profitable.Even putting aside the absurdities evident in the manner in which the ACCC has reached this assessment, the ACCCs argument seems to imply that so long as Telstra is not going under, access pricing decisions can be taken without proper regard to their consequences for Telstras ability to recover costs and f inance investments. No doubt, this decision comes as a huge threat to Telstras competitiveness in the communications industry and Telstra is set to potential lose a large slice of the market share or shareholder confidence, depending on how the company responds to the announcement.The reality is that at the margin, Telstra must allocate its funds among competing uses in the light not of the short term or immediate profitability of the grouping of services they support, but of their return over the lifetime of the assets being acquired. Even if it were the case that Telstras PSTN was profitable in some economically relevant sense today, it is the future profitability of the service that counts and the ever strengthening competition in this area, combined with continued heavy-handed regulatory intervention, hardly makes investment in the CAN attractive when ompared to alternatives. No less importantly, the fact remains that the ACCCs decisions, by setting access charges below cost, ca nnot but distort and depress investment in regulated assets, as the return on that investment to Telstra is reduced below the return it yields to consumers and service suppliers as a whole. It is these impacts at the margin, rather than aggregate comparisons of costs and revenues, that are economically relevant. Quality Quality can be measured in terms of performance, additional features, reliability (failure or breakdowns), and conformance to standards, durability, serviceability, and aesthetics. In addition, the excellence of a product, including such things as attractiveness, lack of defects, reliability, and long-term dependability. defines the expectations that many people these days have of companies and consequently, the kind of service that Telstra endeavours to deliver. 10 The importance of quality, and standards for acceptable quality, has increased dramatically in recent years.Firms cannot get by offering poor quality products as they could a few years ago. Customers no w demand high quality and value, and generally will accept nothing less. 11 Telstras performance in regional and rural Australia is constantly under scrutiny. Telstra welcomes this scrutiny because the level of improvement in service levels and performance in regional, rural and remote Australia over the past two years has been dramatic. 12 In recognition of the special needs of regional customers, Telstra Country Wide was established in June 2000.According to Telstra, it was one of the best business decisions they ever took. Telstra Country Wide today services three million customers who account for more than $3 billion in revenue to Telstra, no doubt a strength in revenue for Telstra, although raises questions as to whether service is being reduced to make way for increased revenue. 13 Even so, remote customers can now make untimed local calls to community service towns hundreds of kilometres away, which better reflects the reality of life in rural Australia. Mobile coverage now reaches 97% of the population.To achieve this, Telstra has been working with the Federal Government to establish mobile services to smaller towns and to improve the quality of mobile connections nationwide. 14 Speed In the Information Age, speed is everything to nearly everyone, which makes it a priority for Telstra to deliver the kind of services that people expect. While Telstras services in rural Australia are often reported to be lacking in terms of connection times for phone and internet, as well as the ability of Telstra staff to respond to customer requests or complaints, new technologies are being sought that can reduce these problems.Hence, how fast can Telstra develop and get a new product to market? How quickly can they respond to customers requests? Telstra is far better off if they are faster than the competition and if they can respond quickly to their competitors actions. 15 Therefore, Telstra has seen an opportunity in this to respond to peoples needs and increasingl y has promoted broadband as a viable, effective and efficient way of ensuring speed in communications.Broadband is growing across Australia because people are attracted to faster download times and having a permanent online connection. 16 Broadband enables a high-speed permanent Internet connection. Its about faster Internet speeds, increased capacity and capabilities and more compelling content. A modem is needed, but there are no dial in access numbers to connect to. 17 Innovations Whether it is a change in technology a departure from previous ways of doing things or introduction of new products, innovation is something that most uccessful companies possess and use to further either market share or consumer satisfaction. Depending on Telstras competitiveness and creativity, innovation can be a huge opportunity in grasping larger market shares and customers, or it can be a threat if other companies are more innovative. Telstra has managed to use innovative ideas to shape its succes s and satisfy consumer demands, some of the latest innovations being the Homeline Plans, Telstra Rewards Options, Homelink 1800 and Telstra Mobile CDMA. 18 Homeline plans allows the customer to select options that best suit them, whether they have friends and family close by, in another state or another country and whether they make lots of calls every day or just a few each week, in order to bring about maximum savings. 19 Telstra Rewards Options gives the customer the chance to save 5% or 10% on their phone bill by combining their Telstra home phone, Telstra Mobile and Telstra BigPond, as well as having the added convenience of only one bill.Homelink 1800 makes it easy for a family member to call home and they dont need cash or special cards. 20 Telstra Mobile CDMA is used particularly in rural regions of Australia and offers call clarity and security network security lock background noise suppression and call clarity and security. Because CDMA uses a more sophisticated system of transmitting voice signals, the phone is not dissimilar to talking on a normal phone. Whats more, CDMA signals are almost impossible to decipher if they are intercepted by eavesdroppers, which means conversations are more secure.Increasingly, more of Telstras revenues will come from their operations overseas. They will continue to see popular innovations, both overseas and in Australia, that will change the way people work, learn, communicate and receive information and entertainment. 21 In international growth, Telstras focus is on business mobiles, data and Internet, particularly in the Asia and Pacific Region, which is where it is felt that a good commercial history and experience there will help in realising opportunities for shareholders.Telstras investments in Asia have provided them with a platform for regional growth. 22 Downsizing Put simply, downsizing is the planned elimination of positions or jobs, and has caused its fair share of controversy surrounding companies in re cent times that are laying off large numbers of workers and sacrificing customer service at the expense of large profits and boosting investor confidence. 23Although historically, layoffs tend to affect manufacturing firms and operative level workers in particular, the most recent cycle of downsizing has focused on delivering and eliminating bureaucratic structures, and hence, white collar middle managers have been those chiefly affected. 24 Hence, firms such as Telstra should avoid excessive (cyclical) hiring to help reduce the need to engage in major or multiple downsizings.Beyond that, firms must avoid common mistakes such as making slow, small, frequent layoffs implementing voluntary early retirement programs that entice the best people to leave or laying off so many people that companys work can no longer be performed. 25 Therefore, caution must be sought when laying off any amount of workers, as the company must maintain job satisfaction as a strength as well as be focused on customer service in order to avoid customer dissatisfaction and hence customers going to competitors. 26 Recommendations After reviewing Telstra and comparing what they do with other business similar to theirs, I have put together a new and innovative way for Telstra to revitalise and recreate their business, this will not only improve customer service but also improve productively as this will allow many processes to be completed much faster by not needing to deal with the usual misunderstandings and confusion associated with some of their services.At present Telstra could be said to be in two worlds that of the typical bureaucratic society, which often is seen in public sectors, and that of new technology where by Telstra is highly involved with the introduce of new technology, yet in many ways these changes have results in more issues relating to people not understanding how to use the new technology correctly, this not includes both employees as well as their clients. Such issue s as these are common when new technology is introduced, yet with a business such as Telstra which already has a variety of customer service problems, this new technology has added to their worries.The only way that Telstra can overcome these issues is by combining them, to create new innovated ideas that not only still allow human to human interaction but also makes better use of technology to not only improve customer service but also to speed it up. After considering the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to Telstra with regard to it, it is fair to comment Telstra is well poised to continue to play a large part in the Australasian telecommunications market. While Telstra is by many standards a very successful company, much of that success lay behind government protection.However, with the deregulation of the telecommunications market, the future is less certain for Telstra and more competition may threaten its market share and cause the company to improve its servic es. However, this should be viewed positively as an opportunity for Telstra to move forward, in particular expanding into Asia, and be seen as a company that can support itself. This increased competition will in time show Telstras true strengths and weaknesses in the field of telecommunications and if the company can hold its place in the Australian telecommunications industry. Reference List Interview Five Telstra Employees (They want to remain anonymous) Books Bateman & Snell, Management Competing in the New Era, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, 2002 Kelly, J. (1969). Organizational Behaviour, USA Irwin McShane, S and Travaglione, T. (2003). Organisational Behaviour On The Pacific Rim, Sydney, McGraw-Hill Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter (2003). Management, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education Australia Robbins, S. P. , Waters-Marsh, T. , Cacioppe, R. , and Millet, B. (1994). Organisational Behaviour. Leading and Managing in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney Prentice Hall Organisati onal Behaviour.Leading and Managing in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney Prentice Hall Sayles, L and Strauss, G. (1966). Human Behaviour In Organizations, USA Prentice Hall Websites Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Availablehttp//www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 23/ 9/05. Glossary Terms, Available http//www. ots. treas. gov/glossary/gloss-m. html 24/09/05 Marketing Strategy, Available http//www. tutor2u. net/business/gcse/marketing_strategy_introduction. htm 24/09/05 Telstra Facts http//www. absoluteastronomy. om/encyclopedia/t/te/telstra. htm 24/09/05. Telstra Just Too Good. Available http//www. telstra. com. au/regulatory/docs/lr-104969Ziggy_ope_ed_struct_sep. doc 25/09/05 Telstra Options. Available http//www. telstra. com. au/telstraoptions/ 26/09/05 Telstra Corporation Ltd, History http//www. telstra. com. au/corporate/index. cfm? tR=1 23/09/05. TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd How we are driving growt h to build shareholders. Available http//www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm 23/09/05. TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd 4 Key Strategic Areas 2001.Availablehttp//www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_3. html 29/09/05. TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd Chairman and CEOs Message 2001. Availablehttp//www. conect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_5. htm 24/09/05. TLS, Telstra Corporaton Ltd Domestic Retail 2001. Available http//www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_8. htm 24/09/05. TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd How we are Driving Growth to Build Shareholders. Availablehttp//www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm 23/09/05 Wikipedia Encyclopaedia, Available http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Marketing_research 24/09/05E Journals Brenner, O. C. , Singer, Marc G. Management Quarterly. Washington (1984). Vol. 25, Iss. 2, pg. 14 , 7 pgs (ProQuest database, ANU) Cooper, R. C. C. C. L. (2002) Does privatization affect corporate culture and employee wellbeing? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17, 21 49 (ProQuest database, ANU) Dotson, L. (2004) 10 Ways To Improve Your Customer Service E. C. Pasour, J. (1983) Privatization Is it the Answer? The Freeman Lovata, Linda M. MIS Quarterly. Minneapolis. Jun (1987). Vol 11. Iss. 2, pg. 147, 3 pgs (ProQuest database, ANU) Wettenhall, R.Privatization in Australia How Much and What Impacts? Canberra, Uni of Canberra. Simintiras, Antonis C. , Lancaster, Geoffrey A. Management Decision. London (1991). Vol. 29, Iss. 4, pg. 22, 6 pgs (ProQuest database, ANU) Note Assortments of lectures and tutorial notes have been used from Organisational Behaviour G. Appendixes SWOT Analysis of Telstra Strengths Weaknesses Competitive Pricing Rural Services Global Nature of Competition competing overseas eg. South-East Asia Mobile Phone Coverage / Quality Internet Access BigPond Home available across Australia for the costBroadband Access / Quality of a local call. Broadband ADSL CDMA Network Coverage 97. 1% of Australian pop. Largest cellular mobile coverage in Australia Options to suit everyone Combining Phone/Mobile/ Internet Bills Phone Range (Landline / Mobile) Directories White & Yellow Pages (standard / electronic) Opportunities Threats New / Innovative Products Increase in Competition (Optus, Vodafone, Transact etc) Extend services & the market share of Telstra into other counties Lose of employment due to technology or cut cost measures Improving and Expanding product and service offerings in Australia The government selling the rest of Telstra (privatisation) 1 Telstra Facts http//www. absoluteastronomy. com/encyclopedia/t/te/telstra. htm 24/09/05. 2 History, Telstra Corporation Ltd http//www. telstra. com. au/corporate/index. cfm? tR=1 23/09/05. 3 Bateman & Snell, op. cit, p. 53 4 Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Availablehttp//www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 23 September 2005. 5 ibid 6 Telstra Just Too Good.Available http//www. telstra. com. au/regulatory/docs/lr-104969Ziggy_ope_ed_struct_sep. doc 25 September 2005. 7 Bateman & Snell, Management Competing in the New Era, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, 2002, Glossary (G-2) 8 ibid 9 ibid 10 ibid p. 12 11 Bateman & Snell, op. cit, Glossary (G-7) 12 Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Availablehttp//www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 23 September 2005. 13 ibid 14 TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd Domestic Retail 2001. Available http//www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_8. htm 24 September 2005. 15 Bateman & Snell, op. cit p. 12 16 Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Availablehttp//www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 23 September 2005. 17 TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd How we are Driving Growth to Build Shareholders. Availablehttp//www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm 23 September 2005. 18 Bateman & Snell, op. cit, Glossary (G -4) 19 Telstra Options. Available http//www. telstra. com. au/telstraoptions/ 26 September 2005. 20 ibid 21 Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Available ,- ? ? E ? I I c ) * + L M N ocUcUcUcEUcEc iPiPiPiPiPiPi1hchttp//www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 23 September 2005. 22 TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd How we are Driving Growth to Build Shareholders. Availablehttp//www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm 23 September 2005. 23 Bateman & Snell, op. cit, Glossary (G-3) 24 ibid p. 283 25 TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd Chairman and CEOs Message 2001. Availablehttp//www. conect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_5. htm 24 September 2005. 26 Cooper, R. C. C. C. L. (2002) Does privatization affect corporate culture and employee wellbeing? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17, 21 49 (ProQuest database, ANU)